Dr Sakshi
Abstract
Severe cases of lower urinary tract obstruction occur in the first few months of life, where as milder cases are discovered in late infancy and childhood. Obstructive uropathy should be treated as an emergency and prompt action is needed. To determine its etiology and to begin therapy of all renal developmental abnormalities. The best chance of preventing further renal damage and maintaining the infants survival is early detection and treatment of urinary tract anomalies. A common cause of renal failure obstructive uropathy which accounts for 16.5% of paediatric renal transplants in 1997.
Key words: obstructive uropathy, renal calculi, UTI
Introduction:
Any structural/functional obstruction to the regular flow of urine is known as obstructive uropathy. Developmental obstruction of the urinary tract produces dilatation above the site of lesion and a retrograde rise in hydrostatic pressure causing structural and functional damage to the kidney. Depending on the cause, the prevalence of obstructive uropathy varies from 5 in 10000 to 5 in 1000. In children, it is mostly caused by congenital abnormalities of the urinary tract. In young adults calculi is main cause. Associated UTI which should be identified and managed obstructive uropathy is an important cause of end stage renal disease.
Etiology and pathophysiology: Obstructive lesions of urinary tract that is the pelvis, ureter, bladder, or urethra, obstruction can be congenital/acquired obstruction. It may be partial or complete.
Common causes:
Renal calculi, blood clots, congenital anomalies, tumors, urethral strictures, ureterocele, urolithiasis, phimosis/paraphimosis, parasitic obstructions, neuropathic bladder dys- function, retroperitoneal adenopathy, bladder endometriosis.
Common obstructive lesions
- -pelviureteric junction
- -calculi in pelvis, ureter/urinary bladder
- -diverticuli /ureteroculy
- -posterior urethral valves
- -bladder neck obstruction
- -phimosis, paraphimosis, meatal stenosis
- -neurogenic bladder
The increase in ureteric pressure is transmitted to renal pelvis and tubules, causing a fall in GFR the mechanical effort of high pressure on the urethras and pelvicalyceal result in their dialatation tortuorsity and loss of peristalasis there is impairment of tubular function characterized by disease, ability to concentrate and acidify urine, dicrease in the potassium excretion and reduce a responsiveness to ADH. These abnormalities lead to polyuria, hyperkalemia, hyperchloride, metabolic acidosis, high urine pH. Obstruction below the level of bladder results in distension of the bladder with thickened walls. Due to poor emptying stagnantion of urine occurs which predispose to infection and stone formation. Disease of spinal cord like meningomyelocele, lypomengiocele, tethered cord can lead to functional obstruction due to detrusor, sphincter dyssynergia.
Clinical features:
Distension of abdomen, poor urinary stream, distended firm bladder, excessive crying, irritability, poor feeding, occasionally hematuria. Older children may present with abdominal pain, straining, dribbling, daytime enuresis, polyuria, frequency, UTI.
Investigation: Antenatal sonography at 16-18weeks, 24-26 and 30-32weeks,
USG findings- dilation of the pelvicalyceal system, ureters and bladder, hydronephrosis, cortical thickness and scarring.
MCU- micturating cycto-urethrogram- detect posterior urethral valves.
DDU-duplex doppler ultrasonography- can show unilateral obstruction in the 1st few days of acute obstruction.
Antegrade pyelogram- rarely necessary, helpful in some confusing cases, when there is a doubt about the exact level of obstruction.
Functional renal imaging , most commonly with MAG 3 nuclear medicine renal scan , is recommended in evaluation of children with urinary tract dilation suspicious for obstructive uropathy. Focused emergency renal sonography facilitates accurate diagnosis of obstructive uropathy. Helps rule out, more dangerous pathology, is safe for pregnant patients and children, requires less radiation than CT scan.
Management: homoeopathic approach
Homoeopathic medicines are very beneficial in treating the UTI and prevent the child from recurrent infections.
1.Apis mel:
- -burning sensation passing the last drop of urine
- -increased frequency
- -itching of urethra
2.Sarsaparilla:
- -urging to urinate
- -child pass urine only while standing
- -urine passes in thin stream
- -pain at the end of urination
- -involuntary urination at night
3.Nux vomica:
- -passing small amount of urine
- -irritable child
- -impatient
4.Berberis vulg:
- -burning sensation while passing urine
- -urging and discomfort
- -Cystitis
5.Borax:
- -UTI in children
- -Foul smell urine
- -child cries/screams before passing out of pain
- -increased frequency
6.Lycopodium clav:
- -pale color urine
- -foul smelling sediments
- -child cries before passing urine
- -Involuntary urination
Conclusion: Facilities for early detection and treatment of obstructive uropathy in our environment are urgently required. Homoeopathic medicines are very beneficial in treating the urinary complaints and prevent the child from recurring infections. Long-term follow-ups necessary to look for UTI and treat associated complications. Renal dysplasia and renal scars already present before the relief of obstruction may eventually lead to end stage renal disease (ESRD) over a period of 10-15years. Early detection and intervention is very helpful to prevent permanent damage to kidney.
Reference:
- 1.Roth KS, Koo HP, Spottswood SE, Chan JC. Obstructive uropathy: an important cause of chronic renal failure in children. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2002 Jun;41(5):309-14. doi: 10.1177/000992280204100503. PMID: 12086196.
- Radmayr C. Congenital obstructive uropathy–Diagnostics for optimal treatment. African Journal of Urology. 2015 Jun 1;21(2):87-95.
- BHAT, S. R. (2022). Achar’s Textbook of Pediatrics. India: Orient Blackswan Pvt Limited.
- Gupta, P., Menon, P., Ramji, S., Lodha, R. (2015). PG Textbook of Pediatrics: Volume 3: Systemic Disorders and Social Pediatrics. India: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers Pvt. Limited.
- Parthasarathy, A. (2016). IAP Textbook of Pediatrics. India: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers Pvt. Limited.
Dr Sakshi.
PG Scholar, Department of Pediatrics
Father Muller Homoeopathic Medical College and Hospital Deralakatte, Mangaluru.
Under the guidance of Prof. Dr Jyoshna Shiavprasad, HOD, Pediatrics
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