Last moment revision in Vitamins and Minerals

Last moment revision in Vitamin and Minerals
Dr.Kamaljeet Kaur Sidhu {BHMS}

Deficiency diseases and Sources of Nutrients: Nutrient	Constituent				Deficiency Diseases	Sources		Daily Requirements
Vitamin A	Retinol, Retinoic Acid, Beta-Carotene				Night-blindness	Carrots, Papaya, Milk, Cheese, Fish Liver Oil, Green Vegetables etc.		900 mcg/day for male 700 mcg/day female
Vitamin B1	Thiamine				Beriberi	Brewer’s Yeast, Whole Grain, Oatmeal, Legumes, Peanuts, Dried Soybean, Sunflower Seeds etc.		1.2 mg/day male 1.1 mg?day female
Vitamin B2	Riboflavin				Ariboflavinosis	Beef Liver, Lamb, Milk, Mushroom, Spinach, Almonds etc.		1.3 mg/day male 1.1 mg/day female
Vitamin B3	Niacin or Nicotinic Acid				Pellagra	Tuna, Chicken, Turkey, Mushrooms , Bacon, Broccoli, Veal etc.		16 mg/day male 14 mg/day females
Vitamin B5	Pantothenic Acid				Acne, Paresthesia	Chicken Liver, Sunflower Seeds, Salmon, Avocados, Corn, Broccoli, Mushroom etc.		5 mg/day
Vitamin B6	Pyridoxine, Pyridoxal, Pyridoxamine				Dandruff-like eruptions, Pink eye, Epilepsy	Fish, Beef Liver, Potatoes & other starchy vegetables, Fruit (other than citrus) etc.		1.3 mg /day male &female
Vitamin B7	Biotin				Growth & Neurological Disorders in Infants	Raw Egg Yolk, Liver, Peanuts, Yeast, Whole-wheat Bread, Cheddar Cheese, Pork etc.		30 mcg/day
Vitamin B9	Folic Acid				Macrocytic Anaemia, Birth Defects	Dark Leafy Greens like Spinach, Asparagus, Broccoli, Citrus Fruits, Beans, Peas, Lentils, Avocados etc.		400 mcg /day male 600 mcg /day female
Vitamin B12	Various Cobalamins				Macrocytic Anaemia, Memory Loss, Pernicious Anaemia, Mania, Psychosis, Paralysis	Seafood, Beef, Chicken, Eggs etc.		2.4 mcg/day
Vitamin C	L-Ascorbic Acid				Scurvy	Amla, Guava, Chillis, Kiwi, Broccoli, Orange, Papaya, Lemon, etc.		90 mg/day male 75 mg/day female
Vitamin D	Calciferol (D2) & Cholecalciferol (D3)				Rickets, Osteomalacia	Sunlight, Mushrooms, Alfalfa, Fish Liver Oils, Cooked Egg Yolk, etc.		15 mcg/day 10-15 min. sunlight without sunscreen in morning.
Vitamin E	Tochopherols & Tocotrienols				Red Blood Cell Destruction, Ataxia, Retinopathy, Peripheral Neuropathy, Reproductive Failure	Wheat Germ Oil, Canola Oil, Sunflower Oil, Almond Oil, Hazelnuts, Peanuts etc.		Not more than 15 mcg/day
Essential Fatty Acids	Omega 3 (Alpha Linolenic Acid) and Omega 6 (Linolenic Acid)				Several bodily processes afflicted, Skin Ailments	Fish Oils, Flaxseed Oil, Hemp Oil, Olive Oil, Pumpkin Seeds, Leafy Vegetables etc.
Vitamin K	Phylloquinone (K1), Menaquinone (K2)				Lack of Clotting of Blood, Lack of Tissue Renewal	Green Leafy Vegetables etc.
Iron			Anaemia, Arrhythmia			Bananas, Apple, Green Vegetables, Broccoli, Beans, Pumpkin Seeds etc.
Potassium		High Blood Pressure, Arrhythmia, Muscle Weakness, Myalgia, Muscle Cramps, Constipation, Respiratory Depression, Paralysis				Meat, Milk, Fruits, Vegetables, Whole Grains etc.
Calcium		Osteoporosis, Hypocalcemia, Ostopenia				Milk and Milk Products, Eggs, Wheatgrass etc.
Magnesium		Deterioration of Metabolism & Cellular Functioning, Heart Attacks, Insulin Resistance				Nuts and Seeds, Green Vegetables, Dark Chocolate, Whole Grains etc.
Sodium		Cognitive Impairment, Headaches, Nausea, Seizure, Coma, Electrolytic Imbalance				Salt, Fish, Meat, Vegetables etc.
Chlorine						Salt, Milk, Meats, Vegetables etc.
Phosphorous						Meat, Fish, Poultry, Eggs, Milk, Bananas etc.
Iodine		Goitre, Cretinism, Deterioration of Metabolism & cellular Functioning				Iodised Salt, Sea Food, Green vegetables,Raw milk,Eggs etc.
Protein		Kwashiorkor				Meat, Seafood, Eggs, Pulses & Legumes, Milk & Milk Products etc.
Protein-Energy		Marasmus				Grains, Pulses & Legumes, Meat, Milk & Milk Products, Eggs, Seafood etc.

• IMPORTANT POINTS:-
• Vitamin A,E,K are fat soluble vitamins.
• Vitamin B,C are water soluble vitamins
• NIGHT BLINDNESS:- caused by vitamin A deficiency.Patient is unable to see in night or less light .
• BERI-BERI:-  caused by  vitamin B-1 deficiency, also known as thiamine deficiency.

There are two types of the disease: wet beriberi  and dry beriberi.
Wet beriberi affects the heart and circulatory system. In extreme cases, wet beriberi can cause heart failure. Dry beriberi damages the nerves and can lead to decreased muscle strength and eventually, muscle paralysis.

Today, beriberi mostly occurs in people with an alcohol use disorder

Wet beriberi symptoms include:

• shortness of breath during physical activity
• waking up short of breath
• rapid heart rate
• swollen lower legs

Dry beriberi symptoms include:

• decreased muscle function, particularly in the lower legs
• tingling or loss of feeling in the feet and hands
• pain
• mental confusion
• difficulty speaking
• vomiting
• involuntary eye movement
• paralysis

In extreme cases, beriberi is associated with Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome. Wernicke encephalopathy and Korsakoff syndrome are two forms of brain damage caused by thiamine deficiency.

Wernicke encephalopathy damages regions of the brain called the thalamus and hypothalamus. This condition can cause:

• confusion
• memory loss
• loss of muscle coordination
• visual problems such as rapid eye movement and double vision

Korsakoff syndrome is the result of permanent damage to the region of the brain where memories form. It can cause:

• loss of memory
• inability to form new memories
• hallucination

PELLAGRA

4-D’s related to it are:-

Diarrhea,dermatitis,dementia,death. Caused by Vit .B3 deficiency.

SCURVY:- Caused by Vit. C deficiency

Sign –symptoms:-

Pain areas: in the joints, bones, or muscles

Whole body: fatigue, fever, loss of appetite, or malaise

Skin: rash of small purplish spots, rashes, or red spots

Also common: bleeding gums, bruising, coiled hair, failure to thrive, irritability, joint swelling, muscle weakness, poor wound healing, swollen gums, tooth loss, or weight loss.