Pathology important questions and topicsÂ
DR CHAITANYA VAIDYA. Â
- General Pathology.
- Immunity.
- Clinical pathology.
- Hematology.
- Neoplasia.
- Endocrine, GIT, Liver and Pancreas.
- CVS, Genitourinary, MSK and CNS.
- RS and malnutrition.
(TOTAL 190 important topics)
GENERAL PATHOLOGY:Â All General pathology topics to be studied with respect to Definition, Aetiology, Types, Pathogenesis, fate and correlation to Systemic pathology.
Cell injury:Â
- Definition, Causes, Types
- Pathogenesis of ischaemic and hypoxic injuryÂ
- Effects of radiation: Mechanism of cell injury by ionizing radiation
- Pathogenesis of Ischaemia-Reperfusion injuryÂ
- Cellular adaptation: Atrophy, Hyperplasia, Hypertrophy, Metaplasia, Dysplasia
- Necrosis: Definition, Types, Aetiology, MorphologyÂ
- Apoptosis in physiologic and pathologic processesÂ
- Gangrene: Definition, types , Aetiology, Morphologic featuresÂ
- Degeneration:Â
- Hydropic change: Definition, aetiology, pathogenesis, morphologyÂ
- Hyaline change: Intracellular and extracellular hyaline examplesÂ
- Mucoid change: Epithelial and connective tissue mucin examplesÂ
- Fatty change in liver: Aetiology, Pathogenesis, Morphologic featuresÂ
- Pathologic calcification: Dystrophic calcification, Metastatic calcification
Inflammation :Â
- Definition, Causes, Signs, TypesÂ
- Acute inflammation: Vascular events, Cellular eventsÂ
- Chemical mediators of inflammation: List of chemical mediators, Source, Functions of mediatorsÂ
- Inflammatory cells: Functions
- Factors determining variation in inflammatory responseÂ
- Morphologic types of acute inflammation with examplesÂ
- Outcome of acute inflammation h. Systemic effects of acute inflammationÂ
- Pyrexia: Definition, PathogenesisÂ
- Chronic inflammation: Definition, Causes, General features, Types.Â
- Giant cells: Types, ExamplesÂ
- Granuloma: Definition, Pathogenesis, descriptionÂ
- Regeneration: Cell cycle and different types of cells
Wound Healing and Repair:Â
- DefinitionÂ
- Factors influencing wound healingÂ
- Wound healing: Healing by First intention and Second intentionÂ
- Complications of wound healingÂ
- Healing of Fracture, Nervous tissue, Muscle, Mucosal surface, Solid epithelial organ
Hemodynamic disorder:Â
1. Thrombosis:Â
Definition, Pathogenesis, Morphologic features of thrombi, Origin of thrombi-Cardiac, Arterial, Venous with examples, Differences between Arterial and Venous thrombi, Phlebothrombosis, Thrombophlebitis, Fate of thrombus.Â
2. Embolism:Â
Definition, Types Sources of arterial thromboembolism, Sources of venous thromboembolism Pulmonary thromboembolism: Definition, Aetiology, consequences Fat embolism, Air embolism, Decompression sickness, Amniotic fluid embolism, Atheroembolism, Tumour embolism.Â
3. Oedema:Â
Definition, Types of oedema Pathogenesis of oedema with examples of oedema by each mechanism Differences between transudate and exudates Renal oedema, Cardiac oedema, Pulmonary oedema, Cerebral oedema Differences between Nephrotic oedema and Nephritic oedema Cardiac oedema, Pulmonary oedema, Cerebral oedema.
4.Ischaemia:Â
Definition, Effects, Aetiology, Factors determining severity of ischaemic injury.Â
5.Haemorrhage:Â
Definition, Aetiology, Effect of haemorrhage.Â
6. Shock:Â
Definition ,Classification and Aetiology ,General pathogenesis of shock Stages of shock: Pathogenesis, effects Clinical features of shock Complications of shock Morphologic features of shock in organs.
7. Hyperaemia:Â
Active hyperaemia: Definition, Examples Passive hyperaemia: Local venous congestion, Systemic venous congestion Morphology of CVC of organs: Liver, Lungs, Spleen, Kidney Infarction: Definition, Aetiology, Types Pathogenesis of process of infarction Gross and microscopic appearance of infarcts in different organs.
Amyloidosis:Â
Definition, Classification, Pathogenesis of amyloidosisÂ
Disorders of metabolism:Â
- Disorders of bilirubin metabolismÂ
- Disorders of calcium metabolismÂ
- Disorder of purine metabolismÂ
- Disorders of carbohydrate metabolismÂ
- Disorders of lipid metabolism
Disorders of pigmentation:Â
- List of endogenous pigments and exogenous pigmentsÂ
- Disorders of melanin pigmentation
- Inhaled pigments, Ingested pigments
- Injected pigmentsÂ
- Haemosiderosis
- Porphyrias.
Infection:Â
Definition, Sources, Aetiology, Routes of transmission, Common hospital acquired infections.
Hyperlipidaemia and lipidosis:Â
Major classes of lipoproteins and their role.Â
IMMUNITY:Â
- Cells of immune systemÂ
- Development of immune systemÂ
- T cells and Cell mediated immunityÂ
- B cells and Humoral immunityÂ
- The complement systemÂ
- Antigen: Definition, Types
- Antigenic determinant: Factors determining antigenicityÂ
- Antibody: Definition, FunctionsÂ
- Immunoglobulin: Definition, Classes, FunctionsÂ
- Antigen-antibody reactionsÂ
- Characteristics of Ag-Ab reactionÂ
- Precipitation reactionsÂ
- Agglutination reactionsÂ
- Hypersensitivity: Definition, Types, Mechanism of types of Hypersensitivity ReactionÂ
- Immunodeficiency diseases: Definition, TypesÂ
- Primary immunodeficiency
- Secondary immunodeficiencyÂ
- Autoimmunity
- Transplantation Blood group antigens & Blood transfusion reactions.
CLINICAL PATHOLOGY:
- Haemoglobin estimation. WBC count RBC count Differential count Blood group/BT/CT.
- Pap stain.
- Pap smear test.
- Coombs test.
- Sickling test and electrophoresis.
- FNAC.
- Lab test findings in DIC (Disseminated intravascular coagulation.).
- Prothrombin time.
- Widal test.
- HIV diagnostic tests.
- Bone marrow aspiration.
- Benedicts test.
- Semen analysis.
- FISH (Fluorescence in situ hybridization).
- LFT (Liver function test).
- RFT (Renal function test).
- CSF analysis findings in different types of meningitis.
- Hematocrit. Packed cell volume.
- Glycosylated Hb.
- Exfoliative cytology.
- Megaloblastic anemia peripheral smear finding and bone marrow findings.
- Rh incompatibility.
- Heriditary spherocytosis.
- Bethesda system of reporting Cervical Smears.
- Types of Reed Sternberg giant cells.
- Philadelphia chromosome.
- Bence – Jones protein.
- Urine examination
- Physical properties.Â
- Chemical properties: i. Albumin ii. Blood iii. Glucose iv. Bile pigments v. Bile salts.
- Stool examination.
HEMATOLOGY:
- Anaemia: Iron deficiency anaemia, Sideroblastic anaemia, Megaloblastic anaemia,Pernicious anaemia, Haemolytic anaemia, Aplastic anaemia,G6Pd defeciencyÂ
- Haemoglobinopathies: Sickle cell anaemia, ThalassaemiaÂ
- Leucocytosis, Leucopenia, LeukaemiasÂ
- Lymphomas(Hodgekin’s andNon Hodgekin’sLymphoma)Â
- Infectious MononucleosisÂ
- Bleeding Disorders: Thrombocytopenia. ITP, DIC,TTPÂ
- Laboratory evaluation of Anaemias, leukaemias, Thrombocytopenia.
NEOPLASIA:Â
- Definition
- Basic components of neoplasia
- Classification of tumoursÂ
- Characteristics of tumoursÂ
- Differences between Benign and malignant tumoursÂ
- Spread of tumours: Local invasionÂ
- Metastasis: List routes of metastasisÂ
- Grading of cancer & Staging of cancer
- Carcinogenesis: Basic concept of molecular pathogenesis of cancerÂ
- Carcinogens; physical, chemical, viral.
ENDOCRINE, GIT, LIVER AND PANCREAS:
- Goiter
- Hyperthyroidism
- HypothyroidismÂ
- Thyroiditis
- Acute gastritis
- Chronic gastritisÂ
- Duodenal ulcer and gastric ulcer;Â
- Differences between duodenal ulcer and gastric ulcer in terms of pathologic changes, clinical featuresÂ
- EnterocolitisÂ
- Mal absorption Syndrome.Â
- Appendicitis.
- Intestinal obstruction: Intussusception and Volvulus.
- Inflammatory Bowel diseaseÂ
- Distinguishing features of Crohn’s disease and Ulcerative Colitis in terms of pathologic changes.
- Ca Colon
- Peritonitis
- Hepatitis: Acute, chronic.
- JaundiceÂ
- Alcoholic liver disease: Outline of ethanol metabolismÂ
- CholecystitisÂ
- Portal venous obstructionÂ
- Cirrhosis of Liver
- Acute and chronic pancreatitisÂ
- Diabetes mellitus.
- Complications of diabetes mellitus
CVS, GENITOURINARY, MSK AND CNS:
- Heart failureÂ
- Ischaemic heart diseaseÂ
- Rheumatic feverÂ
- Valvular Heart DiseaseÂ
- Bacterial endocarditisÂ
- Pericarditis: Definition, ClassificationÂ
- Cardiomyopathy
- Acute renal failureÂ
- Chronic renal failureÂ
- Glomerular diseasesÂ
- Acute nephritic syndrome and Nephrotic syndromeÂ
- Acute pyelonephritisÂ
- Renal vascular diseases: HypertensionÂ
- NephrolithiasisÂ
- Chronic pyelonephritisÂ
- Acute tubular necrosisÂ
- Hypertension
- MeningitisÂ
- Bacterial and viral encephalitis
- Definitions of Orchitis, Epididymitis, Balanoposthitis.
- Prostatitis: Definition, Types
- Bartholin’s adenitis
- Vaginitis
- CervicitisÂ
- SalpingitisÂ
- Pelvic Inflammatory DiseaseÂ
- Acute mastitisÂ
- Breast abscess-pathogenesisÂ
- Endometritis and Myometritis: Types and CausesÂ
- Fibroadenoma: Morphology.
RS AND MALNUTRITION:
- Pneumonia
- COPD
- Bronchitis
- EmphysemaÂ
- Bronchial asthmaÂ
- BronchiectasisÂ
- Pleuritis or pleurisyÂ
- Acute respiratory distress syndrome
- Restrictive Lung Disease
- PneumoconiosisÂ
- Hydrothorax,Â
- Haemothorax,Â
- Chylothorax,Â
- Pneumothorax
- Lung abscessÂ
- Tuberculosis
- Definitions of Acute rhinitis, Allergic rhinitis, Sinusitis, Tonsillitis, Quinsy.
- Protein-Energy Malnutrition: Definition.
- Conditions resulting from vitamin deficiencies- Keratomalacia, Beri beri, Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome. Ariboflavinosis, Pellagra, pernicious anemia, megaloblastic anemia, scurvy, rickets, osteoporosis.
- Contrasting features of Kwashiorkor and Marasmus.
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