{"id":4060,"date":"2011-11-29T03:33:34","date_gmt":"2011-11-29T03:33:34","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.homeobook.com\/?p=4060"},"modified":"2022-01-17T03:27:21","modified_gmt":"2022-01-17T03:27:21","slug":"tracts-applied-physiology","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.homeobook.com\/tracts-applied-physiology\/","title":{"rendered":"Tracts \u2013 Applied Physiology"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Dr.Jeena Aslam <\/strong>BHMS,MD(Hom)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Definition : &#8211; A tract may be defined as a bundle of fiber carrying one or a group of fiber of motor or sensory impulses in the central nervous system.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Functionally grouped in to 1) Ascending (sensory)<br \/>\n2) Descending (Motor) 3) Intr-segmental fibre.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Ascending tracts:<\/strong><br \/>\n1) Tract of Goll ( Fasciculus gracillis )<br \/>\n2) Tract of Burdach ( Fasciculus cuneatus)<br \/>\n3) Comma tract of Schultze (Tractus inter fascicularis )<br \/>\n4) Dorsal spinothalamic tract ( lateral spinothalamic tract)<br \/>\n5) Spinotectal tract<br \/>\n6) Dorsal spinocerebellar tract( Fleschig\u2019s tract )<br \/>\n7) Ventral spinocerebellar tract ( Gower\u2019s tract )<br \/>\n8) Spino-olivery tract<br \/>\n9) Spinoreticular tract<br \/>\n10) Spino vestibular tract<br \/>\n11) Spino pontine<br \/>\n12) Spino cortical<br \/>\n13) Ventral spinothalamic tract (anterior spinothalamic tract)<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0Descending Tract:<\/strong><br \/>\n1) Pyramidal tract<br \/>\na) Crossed pyramidal tract (large lateral cortico spinal tract)<br \/>\nb) Direct pyramidal tract (uncrossed anterior cortico spinal tract)<br \/>\nc) Uncrossed small lateral pyramidal tract<br \/>\n2) Cortico bulbar tract<br \/>\n3) Extra pyramidal tract<br \/>\na) Rubrospinal tract<br \/>\nb) Tectospinal &amp; tectobulbar<br \/>\nc) Reticulospinal<br \/>\nd) Dorsal vestibulo spinal<br \/>\ne) Ventral vestibulospinal<br \/>\nf) Olivospinal (bulbospinal)<br \/>\ng) descending medial longitudinal fasciculus<br \/>\n<strong><br \/>\nInter segmental fibers<\/strong><br \/>\n1) ground bundle of anterior column<br \/>\n2) ground bundle of lateral column<br \/>\n3) posterior column<\/p>\n<p><strong>Ascending tracts<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u00a0Form periphery to center there are 3 neurons and 2 relays<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0For cerebral tracts crossing takes place in the second neuron<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0For cerebellar tract no crossing<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u00a0Sensory tract in Posterior colum<\/strong>n:<br \/>\n1) Tract of Goll<br \/>\n2) Tract of Burdach<br \/>\n3) Tractus inter fascicularis<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0Sensory Tract In Lateral Column<\/strong><br \/>\n1) Lateral spinothalamic tract<br \/>\n2) Spinotectal tract<br \/>\n3) Fleschig&#8217;s tract<br \/>\n4) Gower&#8217;s tract<br \/>\n5) Spino olivery tract<br \/>\n6) Spino reticular tract<br \/>\n7) Spino vestibular tract<br \/>\n8) Spino pontine tract<br \/>\n9) Spino cortical tract<\/p>\n<p><strong>Sensory Tract In Anterior Column<\/strong><br \/>\n1) Ventral spinothalamic tract.<br \/>\n<strong><br \/>\nPosterior column tracts:<\/strong><br \/>\nI) Tract of Goll (Fasciculus Gracillis):<br \/>\nOrigin: &#8211; made up of axons of the bipolar cells of the posterior root ganglion receiving afferents from the lower half of \u00a0the body<\/p>\n<p>Situation &amp; extent:-<br \/>\nAfter entering the spinal cord, fibers run in the posterior column and extend through out the column .Below mid thoracic region it occupies the whole breadth of posterior column, above this level fibers are pushed medially by the tract of Burdach<\/p>\n<p>Neuron, crossing &amp; termination:-<br \/>\nFirst order neuron ends in 4 ways<br \/>\n1) Some make regular connections at different segments.<br \/>\n2) Some fibers end round the posterior horn cell and then cross and join ventral spino thalamic tract of opposite side.<br \/>\n3) Some fibers give descending tract which make up the Comma tract of Schultze.<\/p>\n<p>Majority of fibers ends in the medulla in nucleolus Gracillis \u00d5 first relay \u00d5 second order neuron arise.<br \/>\nThe axons of the neuron are divided in to 2 groups, external and internal arcuate fibers.<br \/>\nExternal dorsal<br \/>\nventral<br \/>\nDorsal external group pass through inferior cerebellar peduncle of the same side and ends in the cerebellum.<br \/>\nVentral external group \u00ea crosses opposite side passes through inferior cerebellar peduncle and ends in cerebellum of opposite side.<br \/>\nInternal arcuate fibers \u00ea crosses to the opposite side and enter medial lemniscuses and pass through mid brain and ends in ventral posterolateral nucleus of the thalamus, second relay \u00d5 third order neuron \u00d5 axons pass through the posterior limb of internal capsule and ends in post central gyrus .<br \/>\n<strong><br \/>\nFunctions:-<\/strong><br \/>\nFrom the lower half of the body<br \/>\n1) Fine touch ,tactile localization and discrimination<br \/>\n2) Kinesthetic sensation<br \/>\n3) Vibration sense<br \/>\n4) some unconscious impulses (probably kinesthetic) passing to the cerebellum through the external arcuate fibers.<br \/>\n5) May constitute the sensory pathway for some superficial reflexes.<\/p>\n<p><strong>II) Fasciculus cuneatus <\/strong>(Tract of Burdach):<br \/>\nSimilar to Goll with some difference<br \/>\n1) It is made up of fibers from the upper half of the body<br \/>\n2) Situated laterally in the posterior column in the upper thoracic and cervical region<br \/>\n3) Ends in medulla at nucleus cuneatus<br \/>\n<strong><br \/>\nIII) Comma tract of Schultz<\/strong> ( Tractus inter fascicularis):<br \/>\nMade up of short discending tracts derived from tract of Goll &amp; Burdach .<br \/>\nSituated in posterior column between these two tract and looks like a comma in transverse section .<br \/>\nFunction:<br \/>\na) To establish intersegmental communication<br \/>\nb) To form short reflex arc<br \/>\nAlthough sensory in function ascending in course.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Lateral column<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>1) Lateral spinothalamic tract :-<\/strong><br \/>\n*Origin :-<br \/>\nSome posterior root fibers of all segments after entering the spinal cord end around the cells of Substantia gelatinosa of Rolando These unmyalinated fiber of the posterior root are known as the tract of Leissor .The second order neurone start from these cell. Most axons of the second order neurone cross in the anterior white commissure obliquely to the opposite side of the same segment and ascends in the lateral column of the cord .Some fiber of the second order neurone before crossing may ascend up one segment and then cross in the anterior white commisure to reach the lateral column of the opposite side of the cord This tract togather with anterior spinothalamic tract constitute the spinal leminiscus in the medulla oblongata.<br \/>\nSpinal leminiscus then ascends up to join the medial leminiscus in the upper part of medulla oblongata and finally terminate in the ventral posterolateral nucleus of the thalamus .<br \/>\nThe lateral spinothalamic tract at higher brain stem level sends several collateral in to the reticular formation and tegmentum before ending in the thalamus .<br \/>\nThird order neurone starts at thalamus and axons of these terminate in the post central gyrus of cerebral cortex through the posterior limb of internal capsule.<br \/>\nFunction :<br \/>\n1) Pain impulse<br \/>\n2) Temperature impulse<br \/>\n<strong><br \/>\nSpinotectal tract:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Fibers arise from the posterior horn cell of opposite side<\/li>\n<li>Situated in lateral column ventral to lateral spinothalamic tract<\/li>\n<li>Most prominant in cervical region<\/li>\n<li>Pass through medial leminiscus and end in superior colliculus .<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Function :-<br \/>\n1) Subserve spinovisual reflex<\/p>\n<p><strong>Fleschig\u2019s tract <\/strong>(Dorsal spinocerebellar tract):<br \/>\nSome fibers of the posterior root end around Clark\u2019s column of cell on the same side .Second order neurone arise and constitute the tract .<\/p>\n<p>Becouse the tract is destined for cerebellum the second order neurone do not cross .The fibers bend laterally ,enter the lateral white column occupy the most peripheral part lateral to the spinothalamic tract and dorsal to the Gower\u2019s tract .It extend through the upper lumbar ,thoracic and cervical region .In the medulla ,it enters the inferior cerebellar peduncle of the same side and ends in vermis .Here third order neuron arise and passes to the cerebellar cortex.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Gower\u2019s tract<\/strong> (Ventral spinocerebellar tract ):<br \/>\nOrigin:<br \/>\nMade up of fibers arising from Clark\u2019s column of both side .It is composed mainly of crosed and partly of uncrossed fibres.<br \/>\nSituation: first appear in L-3 and remains in the lateral white column first ventral to Fleschig\u2019s tract<br \/>\nCourse: Passes through the cord and medula ,enters mid brain, goes up to red nucleus.Here the fibres turn sharply backwards and downwards and enters the superior cerebellar peduncle of the same side and end in the vermis .From here third order neuron arise and goes to the cerebellar cortex.<\/p>\n<p>Function<br \/>\n1) Carries unconscious kinaesthetic sensation.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Spino-olivery tract :<\/strong><br \/>\nOrigin : from the dorasl horn of grey matter of all levels of spinal cord runs in parellal with olivospinal tract and ends mostly in the inferior olivery nucleus of the opposite side .More than half of the fibres cross in the medulla .<br \/>\nFunction<br \/>\n1) Transmit proprioceptive impulse to cerebellum via the inferior olivery nucleus.<br \/>\n<strong><br \/>\nSpino reticular tract:<\/strong><br \/>\nFrom posterior horn cell ascends in the antrerolateral funiculus and terminate chiefly in the nucleous reticularis gigantocellularis and partly in the lateral reticular nucleus in the medulla .In the pons,certain fibers terminte in the nucleus retuiculartis pontis caudalis .<br \/>\nFunction:-<br \/>\nMaintanance of consciousnes and awareness.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Spinovestibular tract :<\/strong><br \/>\nOriginate form the spinal fibres projecting largely upon the dorsal part of the lateral vestibular nucleus .Ascends in the ipsilateral column of the spinal cord from the level as far as lumbar segments<\/p>\n<p>Function<br \/>\nConcerned with postural reflex<\/p>\n<p><strong>Spinopontine tract :<\/strong><br \/>\nThese are largely collarelal from spinocortical fibres and ascend along with the spinocortical fibres and lastly terminate in the pontine nucleus.<br \/>\nFunction:-<br \/>\nConcerned with certain exteroceptive impulses to the cerebellum<br \/>\n<strong><br \/>\nSpinocortical tract:<\/strong><br \/>\nAscends in parellal with corticospinal tract<br \/>\nFunction : -not clear<\/p>\n<p><strong>Anterior column<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>Anterior spinothalamic tract .:<\/strong><br \/>\nOrigin : originate form the large cells of nucleus centerodorsalis of the posteior horn and second order neurone start from here .Axons of the second order ascend in the posterior column for 2-3 segment and then cross obliquelly in the anterior white commissure and this ascends in the anterior or anterolateral column of the opposite side as anterior spinothalamic tract. Most of the fibres are crossed and a small number of uncrossed fibre may ascend homolaterally as anterior spinothalamic tract.<br \/>\nWhile ascending upward anterior spinothaamic tract runs in parellal with the lateral spinothalamic tract in the spinal leminiscus.<br \/>\nThe tract gives collaterals to the dorsolateral part of the brain stem reticular formation and also to the reticular formation.<br \/>\nAt the upper border of pons and mid brain this tract along with lateral spinothalamic tract and internal arcuate fibres run in the medial leminiscus and terminate in the ventral posterolateral nucleus of the thalamus .<br \/>\nThe thalamus is known as subcortical center for the spinothalamic tract here second relay takes place ,and third order neuron arise and pass through posterior limb of internal capsule to terminate in the post central gyrus .<br \/>\nFunction:-<br \/>\nFine touch and tactile localisation<\/p>\n<p><strong>Pathways of various sensation<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>Touch :<\/strong><br \/>\nTactile corpuscles \u00d5 thick (A) medullated fibres in the sensory nerve\u00d5<br \/>\nposterir root \u00d5 spinal cord\u00a0\u00a0 epicritic part \u00d5 passes to the tract of<br \/>\nGoll and Burdach<br \/>\nprotopathic part\u00d5 passes to the<br \/>\nanterior spinothalamic tract<br \/>\n<strong><br \/>\nPain and temperature:<\/strong><br \/>\nFree nerve ending ( Pain) ,end organ of krausse (cold) ,organ of Ruffini and Golgi massoni bodies (heat) \u00d5 Pain -C fibes; Temerature \u2013medium sized (B) fibres \u00d5 posterior root \u00d5 Leissaur\u2019s tract \u00d5 posterior horn cell \u00d5<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Lateral spinothalamic tract\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Crude pain &amp; temperature\u00d5 thalamus<br \/>\nnbsp;\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Fine \u00d5 sensory cortex<\/p>\n<p><strong>Kinaesthetic:<\/strong><br \/>\nMuscle spindle, Golgi bodies ,Pacinian corpuscles \u00d5 sensory nerve \u00d5 posterior root \u00d5<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Spinal cord\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Conscious kinaesthetic\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00d5 Tract of Goll and Burdach<br \/>\nUnconscious kinaesthetic \u00d5 Fleschigs and Gowers tract<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<div class=\"mh-excerpt\"><p>Dr.Jeena Aslam BHMS,MD(Hom) Definition : &#8211; A tract may be defined as a bundle of fiber carrying one or a group of fiber of motor or sensory impulses in the central nervous system. Functionally grouped <a class=\"mh-excerpt-more\" href=\"https:\/\/www.homeobook.com\/tracts-applied-physiology\/\" title=\"Tracts \u2013 Applied Physiology\">[&#8230;]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":42994,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[885],"tags":[890],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v23.0 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Tracts \u2013 Applied Physiology<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"A tract may be defined as a bundle of fiber carrying one or a group of fiber of motor or sensory impulses in the central nervous system.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.homeobook.com\/tracts-applied-physiology\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" 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