{"id":9352,"date":"2012-06-09T23:00:51","date_gmt":"2012-06-09T23:00:51","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.homeobook.com\/?p=9352"},"modified":"2021-08-14T01:04:09","modified_gmt":"2021-08-14T01:04:09","slug":"basic-statistics-in-homoeopathic-research","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.homeobook.com\/basic-statistics-in-homoeopathic-research\/","title":{"rendered":"Basic statistics in homoeopathic research"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\" align=\"center\"><strong>Dr Lizmy Ajith<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\" align=\"center\">Statistics is the field of science concerned with the collection, classification, summarising &amp; interpretation of numerical data<strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\" align=\"center\"><strong>Biostatistics<\/strong>: application of statistical methods in biological sciences to deal with living things<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Medical Statistics<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Application of statistics in medicine<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>To compare efficacy of a drug<\/li>\n<li>The % cured, relieved or died in experiment<\/li>\n<li>To find an association B\/W 2 attributes<\/li>\n<li>In epidemiological studies<span style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Sources of data collection<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Experiments<\/li>\n<li>Surveys<\/li>\n<li>Records<span style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Presentation of data<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Tabulation<\/li>\n<li>Diagrams<span style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Sampling<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The process of selecting a representative part from the whole<\/li>\n<li>Sample: the representative part<\/li>\n<li>Population: the whole from which sample is drawn<span style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Measures of central Tendency <\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Mean<\/li>\n<li>Median<\/li>\n<li>Mode<span style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Mean<br \/>\n<\/strong>Arithmetic average obtained by summing up all the observation &amp; dividing the total by the No: of observations<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">X = \u2211 X<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 n<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Eg: E.S.R of 7 subjects \u2013 7,5,3,4,6,4,5<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Mean = 7+5+3+4+6+4+5\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 =\u00a0 4.86<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Median<br \/>\n<\/strong>The middle observation when\u00a0 all the observation are arranged in ascending or descending order<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">It implies the mid value of series.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Eg: E.S.R. of 7 subjects arranged in ascending order are, 3, 4, 4, 5, 5, 6,7<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The 4<sup>th<\/sup> observation i.e. \u20185\u2019 is the median<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Mode<br \/>\n<\/strong>Most frequently occurring observation in a series<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Eg: the size of induration in tuberculin test of 10 boys \u2013 3, 5, 7, 7, 8, 8, 8, 10 ,11, 12<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The mode here is \u20188\u2019<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Measures of variability<br \/>\n<\/strong>Variability: biological data collected by measurement or counting.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">No 2 measurements in man are absolutely equal<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Measures of variability of observations help to find how individual observations are dispersed around the mean<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Measures of variability<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Range<\/li>\n<li>Mean deviation<\/li>\n<li>Standard deviation<\/li>\n<li>Standard error<span style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Range<br \/>\n<\/strong>The normal limits of a biological characteristic<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Eg: systolic B.P 100-140mm of Hg<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Mean deviation<br \/>\n<\/strong>Mean of the absolute deviation from the central tendency<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">MD = \u2211 X &#8211; X<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 n<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Mean deviation about mean<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 = sum of the absolute deviation from the mean \/ No: of observation<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Standard deviation<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Square root of the average of the sum of the squares of deviations taken from the mean<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u221a \u2211 (x \u2013 x\u00a0 )<sup>2 <\/sup><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/sup>\u00a0n<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Indicates whether the variation of difference of an individual from the mean is by chance or real<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Standard error<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Difference between sample &amp; population values<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Is a measure of chance variation<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">SE = SD \/ \u221an<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Correlation<br \/>\n<\/strong>The relationship or association between two quantitatively measured variables.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Eg: relation between cholesterol level &amp; B.P<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Regression <\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Change in the measurements of a variable character<\/li>\n<li>Helps to predict the value of one character from the knowledge of the other character<\/li>\n<li>Eg: to estimate height when weight is known<span style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Probability or chance<br \/>\n<\/strong>It is a ratio of occurrence of favorable chances out of the total possible outcomes.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Eg: chances of one drug being better than the other<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Test of significance <\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Mathematical methods by which the probability of an observed difference occurring by chance is found<\/li>\n<li>The common test in use are \u2018Z\u2019 test, \u2018t\u2019 test &amp; \u2018Chi square\u2019 test.<span style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Stages in performing a test of significance<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>State null hypothesis(Ho) : statement of no differenceEg: vitamins A &amp; D makes no difference in growth<\/li>\n<li>State alternate hypothesis(H1): vitamins A &amp; D play a significant role in promoting growth<\/li>\n<li>Determine the probabiility(P) of occurrence of your estimate<\/li>\n<li>Draw conclusion on the basis of \u2018P\u2019 value i.e accept or reject the null hypothesis \u2013 decide whether the difference observed is due to chance or due to vitamins A &amp; D\u00a0<span style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Paired \u2018t\u2019 test<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Applied to paired data of independent observations from one sample only when each individual gives a pair of observation<\/li>\n<li>To study the effect of a drug before &amp; after<\/li>\n<li>To compare the effects of 2 drugs<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">t = x<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\" align=\"left\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 SE<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Dr Lizmy ajith<\/strong>, B.H.M.S, M.D(HOM)<br \/>\nDept. of Practice of Medicine,<br \/>\nGovt. Homoeopathic Medical College,Kozhikode<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<div class=\"mh-excerpt\"><p>Dr Lizmy Ajith Statistics is the field of science concerned with the collection, classification, summarising &amp; interpretation of numerical data\u00a0 Biostatistics: application of statistical methods in biological sciences to deal with living things Medical Statistics <a class=\"mh-excerpt-more\" href=\"https:\/\/www.homeobook.com\/basic-statistics-in-homoeopathic-research\/\" title=\"Basic statistics in homoeopathic research\">[&#8230;]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":31273,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[41],"tags":[2200],"class_list":{"0":"post-9352","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-research-homoeopathy","8":"tag-basic-statistics-in-homoeopathic-research"},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v24.0 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Basic statistics in homoeopathic research<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Statistics is the field of science concerned with the collection, classification, summarising &amp; interpretation of numerical data\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" 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